A patulous eustachian tube is one that stays open when it should be closed, so your own voice and breathing sound loud inside your ear; lying down usually eases it, and it is treated differently from a blocked tube.
Most eustachian tube problems are a tube that will not open. This is the other one: a tube that will not close. It is less common, it is frequently missed, and the treatments for the ordinary kind can make it worse.
What it feels like
The 2020 review in JMA Journal describes patients with a patulous eustachian tube as suffering from voice or breath autophony and aural fullness because of the tube's abnormal patency, and says it may lead to an enormous reduction in quality of life.
Autophony is the word to know. Your own voice sounds boomy, hollow or unnaturally loud inside your head — as though you are speaking into a barrel from the inside. Alongside it, many people hear their own breathing, rhythmically, in the affected ear. That breath sound is often what gets described as tinnitus, and it is not tinnitus in the usual sense at all: it is a real sound, your own respiration, reaching a space that should be sealed off from it.
The test you can do yourself
Lie down. If the symptoms fade within a minute or two and come back when you stand up, that is the signature.
This is not folklore. Improvement on changing posture to a supine or lordotic position is one of the required findings in the diagnostic criteria the review sets out. The mechanism is straightforward: lying flat causes venous congestion around the tube, the tissue swells, and the tube closes.
The full criteria require all three of:
- Symptoms — voice or breath autophony, and aural fullness.
- Clear improvement from a tubal obstruction procedure: either the posture change above, or obstructing the pharyngeal opening of the tube.
- At least one objective finding of a patent tube: the eardrum visibly moving in time with breathing, ear canal pressure varying in step with nasopharyngeal pressure, or sonotubometry showing a probe tone below 100 dB or an open plateau pattern.
The first two you may recognise from your own experience. The third needs a clinic.
Why it gets confused with the ordinary kind
Because the words are almost the same and the symptom people report — "my ear feels blocked" — is identical.
Eustachian tube dysfunction in its usual sense means the tube fails to open, so middle ear pressure cannot equalise. The ear feels full and hearing is muffled. The instinct, medical and otherwise, is to try to open it: decongestants, steroid sprays, autoinflation.
A patulous tube produces the same complaint from the opposite cause, and those same interventions push it in the wrong direction. That is the practical reason this distinction is worth insisting on rather than accepting "eustachian tube problems" as an answer.
There is a third thing that presents as a full ear, and it comes from somewhere else entirely. Endolymphatic hydrops is distension of the fluid space inside the inner ear rather than anything to do with the tube, and its distinguishing feature is that the hearing fluctuates alongside the fullness. Neither eustachian tube condition does that. If your hearing comes and goes rather than staying muffled, that is the detail to lead with.
What tends to bring it on
The tissue around the tube keeps it shut. Anything that reduces that tissue or that fluid volume can leave it hanging open:
- Significant weight loss — which is why the review's conservative advice explicitly includes avoiding weight loss.
- Dehydration, which is why it lists rehydrating adequately in summer or after vigorous exertion.
- Pregnancy, and hormonal change more generally. Tinnitus in pregnancy covers why pregnancy raises tinnitus risk more broadly.
Symptoms that appear after a period of dieting, weight loss on a GLP-1 drug such as Ozempic or Mounjaro or a hot summer, and that follow the lying-down pattern, are a recognisable combination.
One newer trigger is a medicine. In a 2022 prospective series of 27 people treated with teprotumumab for thyroid eye disease, ear fullness and autophony were among the new ear symptoms reported, and one patient who was tested developed a patulous tube. The authors recommend testing for it before treatment; thyroid disorders and tinnitus covers the drug's other ear effects.
What treatment looks like
The review is clear that in most cases conservative treatment is sufficient. In rough order of invasiveness:
- Reassurance and lifestyle guidance — rehydration, avoiding further weight loss.
- Self-instillation of physiological saline, reported effective for controlling symptoms.
- Mucous-thickening agents, and topical irritants applied at the pharyngeal opening to swell the mucosa and narrow the tube.
- A paper patch on the eardrum — a circular piece about 5 mm across, placed on the posterior-superior quadrant, reported effective in some cases where fullness was the main complaint.
- Surgery, for chronic severe cases resistant to all of the above. Prospective multicentre trials have shown the efficacy and safety of inserting a silicone plug, the Kobayashi plug, into the tube. Endoscopic ligation of the tube has also been described as a treatment for autophony.
What to take from this
- If your own voice booms in your ear, use the word autophony. It is specific, and it points a clinician at this diagnosis rather than at ordinary blockage.
- If lying down fixes it, say so. That is a diagnostic criterion, not a coincidence, though other conditions can also ease when you lie down.
- If you have been given a decongestant or steroid spray for a blocked-feeling ear and it made things worse rather than better, that is worth reporting rather than abandoning.
- If it followed weight loss, mention the weight loss. It is part of the picture, and the guidance includes not losing more.